Research preview. Independent expert review is pending. The worked analyses are hypothetical. Method and corrections
AIAIGovSpec

Editorial & research method

A specification should expose its own uncertainty.

AIGovSpec distinguishes what a source says, what editors synthesize, and what remains an interpretation. The framework that organizes the site is itself an editorial position with a named author and a documented lineage.

Dataset version: 0.5.0

Editorial state: prototype

Independent expert review: pending

Claims carry provenance

A source list at the bottom of a page is not enough. Each substantive claim records which sources support it, which passage was checked, and where editorial synthesis begins.

Disagreement is data

Contested definitions retain multiple perspectives and their sources. The model does not silently pick one school of thought as the neutral default.

The framework is data too

The definition, four objects, four tests, lifecycle, levels and eleven questions are records in the same knowledge base, validated against the code that renders them.

Every record can be revised

Versions, review dates, editorial states, confidence and contestability make change visible. The temporal principle applies to this site as much as to the field.

Framework provenance

One memo, made inspectable.

The backbone of this site is a conceptual policy memo. Its definition and structure are editorial claims, labelled as interpretation where they go beyond the cited literature, and its lineage is recorded rather than implied.

Title
AI Governance From First Principles
Author
Samuel Abinsinguza, CentPol / AIGovSpec
Date
September 2026
Canonical text
docs/FRAMEWORK.md
Purpose
To define AI governance from first principles and provide an operational framework for analysis, teaching, and policy design.
Read the intellectual lineage and the works it cites

Claim labels

Three kinds of statement.

Source assertion
A close, faithful paraphrase of what a source states, with its scope and version preserved.
Synthesis
A conclusion supported by more than one passage or source, whose reasoning can be explained.
Interpretation
An analytical judgment by AIGovSpec editors, including the framework memo itself, with evidence and limits stated.

Corrections

Make a correction inspectable.

Jurisdiction views and instrument summaries are dated paraphrases, not legal advice. Each one shows how many sources it rests on and when the oldest was last checked.

To make a correction reviewable, record the page or claim identifier, the disputed wording, a source and passage locator, and the proposed change with a reason. The editorial method calls for factual corrections and interpretive disagreements to be recorded separately. Repository changes are tracked in CHANGELOG.md; versioned dataset snapshots preserve earlier records.

To send a factual correction or an interpretive disagreement, use the correction and disagreement page, which explains what to include, who sees it and how it is reviewed. A checked passage records an editorial source check, not independent expert approval or a guarantee that the source is still current.

Scope and reuse

Original AIGovSpec writing is marked CC BY 4.0. You may share and adapt it with attribution, a license link and an indication of changes. Cite AIGovSpec, the record identifier, dataset version and the page you used. Third-party works retain their own rights; a source link or passage summary does not grant permission to reproduce the source text.

Read the CC BY 4.0 license

Dataset 0.5.0 retains an editorial metadata date of 2026-10-19. This is not independent sign-off or a fresh review of every record. Individual sources and passages carry their own check dates; those are the dates to inspect when following a claim.

Downloaded JSON is a versioned knowledge dataset, not a GovSpec extraction result. Passage summaries are paraphrases with links and locators, not archived copies of the sources. Coverage remains selective, some passage checks are pending, and the analyses are hypothetical. Verify the current text, applicability and timing of an instrument before relying on it for a decision.

Source register

Start narrow. Show the gaps.

91 sources support 88 claims; 74 of those claims are tied to a checked passage, and the rest carry source-level attribution labelled as pending review. The register is a deliberately small set that proves the model. It is not a literature review. The current preview includes civil-society, labour and Global South sources, but institutional sources from the Global North still carry most of the weight.

Source balance, counted

Now: 91 sources · 58 Global North · 19 Global South · 14 international. By voice: 42 government, 30 research, 7 civil society, 8 industry, 2 labour, 1 affected community, 1 journalism.

  • 13 October 2026 (dataset 0.4.1): 32 sources: 21 Global North, 6 Global South, 5 international; 18 government, 9 research, 4 civil society, 1 labour.
  • 18 October 2026 (0.5.0, unreleased): 63 sources: 42 Global North, 12 Global South, 9 international. Global South sources doubled, but the Global North share stayed at about two-thirds, because new evidence on human agency and children comes mostly from the United States and Europe.
  • 19 October 2026 (definitions comparison, unreleased): 86 sources: 55 Global North, 19 Global South, 12 international. The comparison added governments and regional bodies from Africa, Asia and Latin America, but most explicit scholarly definitions come from Europe and North America.

Classification is editorial. Voice is who is speaking; origin is where the people a source mainly speaks for or about are based. Each source page shows its classification.

Open the full source registerDownload manifest and dataset links (JSON)
  1. Artificial Intelligence Risk Management Framework (AI RMF 1.0)

    National Institute of Standards and Technology · framework · published 2023-01-26 · 1.0

    nist-ai-rmf-1 · Last checked 2026-09-04 · claims and passages

  2. OECD AI Principles

    Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development · recommendation · published 2019-05-22 · 2024 update

    oecd-ai-principles · Last checked 2026-09-04 · claims and passages

  3. Recommendation on the Ethics of Artificial Intelligence

    UNESCO · recommendation · published 2021-11-23 · Adopted text, 23 November 2021

    unesco-ai-ethics · Last checked 2026-09-04 · claims and passages

  4. Regulation (EU) 2024/1689 — Artificial Intelligence Act

    European Union · law · published 2024-07-12 · Official Journal text

    Original 2024 enactment, not a consolidated current-law or applicability check. Records discuss its text, not whether a provision applies to a particular situation today.

    eu-ai-act · Last checked 2026-09-04 · claims and passages

  5. AI Act policy overview

    European Commission · guidance · publication date not recorded

    eu-ai-act-overview · Last checked 2026-09-04 · claims and passages

  6. Framework Convention on Artificial Intelligence and Human Rights, Democracy and the Rule of Law (CETS No. 225)

    Council of Europe · treaty · published 2024-09-05 · Opened for signature 5 September 2024

    The Council of Europe overview page was reviewed, not the treaty text itself. The Convention binds only parties for which it has entered into force, and is largely framed as obligations on states to adopt measures. Signature and ratification status changes; verify before relying on it. The treaty text itself (CETS 225) was opened on 19 October 2026 for the definitions comparison.

    coe-framework-convention · Last checked 2026-09-06 · claims and passages

  7. Governing AI for Humanity: Final Report

    United Nations High-level Advisory Body on Artificial Intelligence · report · publication date not recorded · Final report, September 2024 (eISBN 9789211067873)

    An advisory body report representing a majority consensus of its members in their personal capacity. It is not a UN member-state decision. Page locators refer to the PDF's printed page numbers.

    un-hlab-governing-ai · Last checked 2026-09-06 · claims and passages

  8. Energy and AI

    International Energy Agency · report · published 2025-04-10

    Projections are scenario-based estimates, not observations; the 2024 consumption figure is an estimate published in 2025.

    iea-energy-and-ai · Last checked 2026-09-06 · claims and passages

  9. Computing Power and the Governance of Artificial Intelligence

    arXiv · scholarship · published 2024-02-13 · arXiv:2402.08797v1

    A preprint by authors affiliated with AI developers, universities, and governance organizations; not peer reviewed. Several authors have institutional stakes in compute governance.

    sastry-compute-governance · Last checked 2026-09-06 · claims and passages

  10. Do Artifacts Have Politics?

    Daedalus (American Academy of Arts and Sciences) · scholarship · publication date not recorded · Daedalus 109(1), Winter 1980, pp. 121–136

    Open access on JSTOR under CC BY-NC 4.0. The JSTOR record was verified; passage-level review against the article text is pending.

    winner-artifacts-politics · Last checked 2026-09-06 · claims and passages

  11. Technology and History: "Kranzberg's Laws"

    Technology and Culture (Society for the History of Technology) · scholarship · publication date not recorded · Technology and Culture 27(3), July 1986, pp. 544–560

    The DOI and JSTOR record were verified; the article is behind a subscription. Passage-level review is pending.

    kranzberg-laws · Last checked 2026-09-06 · claims and passages

  12. The Social Control of Technology

    Frances Pinter, London · book · publication date not recorded · 1980 edition, 200 pages

    The link is an Internet Archive library record with restricted lending, not an open copy. Locators refer to chapter 1. Passage-level review is pending.

    collingridge-social-control · Last checked 2026-09-06 · claims and passages

  13. Competing Technologies, Increasing Returns, and Lock-In by Historical Events

    The Economic Journal (Royal Economic Society) · scholarship · publication date not recorded · Economic Journal 99(394), March 1989, pp. 116–131

    The DOI resolves to the publisher's record; the article is behind a subscription. Passage-level review is pending.

    arthur-lock-in · Last checked 2026-09-06 · claims and passages

  14. Clio and the Economics of QWERTY

    American Economic Review (American Economic Association) · scholarship · publication date not recorded · American Economic Review 75(2), May 1985, pp. 332–337

    The JSTOR record was verified; the article requires library access. Passage-level review is pending.

    david-qwerty · Last checked 2026-09-06 · claims and passages

  15. Understanding 'anticipatory governance'

    Social Studies of Science (SAGE) · scholarship · publication date not recorded · Social Studies of Science 44(2), 2014, pp. 218–242

    The DOI resolves to the publisher's record; the article is behind a subscription. Passage-level review is pending.

    guston-anticipatory-governance · Last checked 2026-09-06 · claims and passages

  16. Developing a framework for responsible innovation

    Research Policy (Elsevier) · scholarship · publication date not recorded · Research Policy 42(9), 2013, pp. 1568–1580

    The DOI resolves to the publisher's record. Passage-level review is pending.

    stilgoe-responsible-innovation · Last checked 2026-09-06 · claims and passages

  17. M-25-22: Driving Efficient Acquisition of Artificial Intelligence in Government

    US Office of Management and Budget · guidance · published 2025-04-03 · M-25-22

    Rescinds and replaces M-24-18. Applies to federal executive agencies; excludes national security systems.

    omb-m-25-22 · Last checked 2026-10-09 · claims and passages

  18. Directive (EU) 2024/2853 on liability for defective products

    European Parliament and Council of the European Union · law · published 2024-11-18 · OJ L 2024/2853

    In force since December 2024; applies to products placed on the market after 9 December 2026, when it replaces Directive 85/374/EEC.

    eu-product-liability-directive · Last checked 2026-10-09 · claims and passages

  19. Cabinet approves over Rs 10,300 crore for IndiaAI Mission

    Press Information Bureau, Government of India · guidance · published 2024-03-07

    Official release of the Union Cabinet decision. Current GPU counts are reported elsewhere and change over time.

    indiaai-mission-pib · Last checked 2026-10-09 · claims and passages

  20. Algorithmic Impact Assessment tool

    Government of Canada · guidance · publication date not recorded

    Official guidance for the Treasury Board Directive on Automated Decision-Making (amended June 2025). The directive text on tbs-sct.canada.ca could not be retrieved for this check; section numbers are not cited.

    canada-aia-guidance · Last checked 2026-10-09 · claims and passages

  21. ISO/IEC 42001:2023 Information technology — Artificial intelligence — Management system

    ISO and IEC (JTC 1/SC 42) · standard · published 2023-12-18 · Edition 1

    The standard itself is paid; this record relies on the publisher’s public description.

    iso-iec-42001 · Last checked 2026-10-09 · claims and passages

  22. 2023 Landscape: Confronting Tech Power

    AI Now Institute · report · published 2023-04-11

    Civil-society voice. An advocacy report with an explicit position on concentration in the technology sector.

    ai-now-2023-landscape · Last checked 2026-10-09 · claims and passages

  23. Regulating AI in the UK

    Ada Lovelace Institute · report · published 2023-07-18

    Civil-society voice; written about UK policy at the time.

    ada-regulating-ai-uk · Last checked 2026-10-09 · claims and passages

  24. Generative AI and Jobs: A Refined Global Index of Occupational Exposure

    International Labour Organization · report · published 2025-05-20 · ILO Working Paper 140

    Intergovernmental and tripartite (governments, employers, workers). Measures exposure, not realised job loss.

    ilo-genai-jobs-2025 · Last checked 2026-10-09 · claims and passages

  25. The AI Bill Project

    Trades Union Congress · recommendation · published 2024-04-18

    Labour voice. Model legislation drafted by a union federation; it is a proposal, not law.

    tuc-ai-bill-project · Last checked 2026-10-09 · claims and passages

  26. Coded Injustice: Surveillance and Discrimination in Denmark’s Automated Welfare State

    Amnesty International · report · published 2024-11-13 · EUR 18/8709/2024

    Affected-community and human-rights voice, based partly on interviews with benefit recipients. Danish authorities dispute parts of its findings.

    amnesty-coded-injustice · Last checked 2026-10-09 · claims and passages

  27. Assembling Accountability: Algorithmic Impact Assessment for the Public Interest

    Data & Society Research Institute · scholarship · published 2021-06-29

    Public-interest research on how impact assessments succeed or fail.

    data-society-assembling-accountability · Last checked 2026-10-09 · claims and passages

  28. Continental Artificial Intelligence Strategy

    African Union · guidance · published 2024-08-09

    Global South regional body. Adopted by the AU Executive Council at its session of 18–19 July 2024 and posted by the AU on 9 August 2024; a strategy, not binding law.

    au-continental-ai-strategy · Last checked 2026-10-09 · claims and passages

  29. Projeto de Lei nº 2338/2023 (Brazil artificial intelligence bill)

    Senado Federal do Brasil · law · published 2024-12-10

    Pending bill, not law. Passed the Senate on 10 December 2024; awaiting a committee report in the Chamber of Deputies as of 9 October 2026. Earlier passages rely on the Senate’s official news agency; the definitions comparison cites Articles 1 and 4 of the text received by the Chamber of Deputies.

    brazil-pl-2338 · Last checked 2026-10-09 · claims and passages

  30. India AI Governance Guidelines: Enabling Safe and Trusted AI Innovation

    Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology, Government of India · guidance · published 2025-11-05

    Non-binding guidelines; they state that a separate AI law is not needed at present.

    india-ai-governance-guidelines · Last checked 2026-10-09 · claims and passages

  31. Política Nacional de Inteligencia Artificial (Actualización 2024)

    Ministerio de Ciencia, Tecnología, Conocimiento e Innovación, Chile · guidance · published 2025-01-28 · Decreto N° 12 (2024)

    Adopted by decree; published in the Diario Oficial. Quotes are in Spanish; the passage summary is a translation.

    chile-ai-policy-2024 · Last checked 2026-10-09 · claims and passages

  32. Global Index on Responsible AI, 2026 Report

    Global Center on AI Governance · report · published 2026-07-08 · Second edition

    Africa-led research index covering 135 countries and jurisdictions. Its scores reflect its own methodology.

    girai-2026 · Last checked 2026-10-09 · claims and passages

  33. When combinations of humans and AI are useful: A systematic review and meta-analysis

    Nature Human Behaviour · scholarship · published 2024-10-28 · Vol. 8, pp. 2293–2303

    Preregistered meta-analysis of experiments published 2020 to mid-2023, mostly short laboratory and online tasks. Open access.

    vaccaro-2024-human-ai-combinations · Last checked 2026-10-18 · claims and passages

  34. The Impact of Generative AI on Critical Thinking: Self-Reported Reductions in Cognitive Effort and Confidence Effects From a Survey of Knowledge Workers

    CHI 2025 (ACM) · scholarship · published 2025-04-25

    Six of seven authors work at Microsoft, which sells generative AI tools. Self-reported, cross-sectional survey; it measures perceptions, not performance. The ACM page was not reachable; the passage was read on the Microsoft Research publication page.

    lee-2025-genai-critical-thinking · Last checked 2026-10-18 · claims and passages

  35. Endoscopist deskilling risk after exposure to artificial intelligence in colonoscopy: a multicentre, observational study

    The Lancet Gastroenterology & Hepatology · scholarship · published 2025-08-12 · Vol. 10, no. 10, pp. 896–903

    Paywalled; the abstract was read through Europe PMC (PMID 40816301). Observational before-and-after comparison at four centres in Poland. The paper received published correspondence and an erratum, which were not read.

    budzyn-2025-endoscopist-deskilling · Last checked 2026-10-18 · claims and passages

  36. Towards Understanding Sycophancy in Language Models

    ICLR 2024 · scholarship · published 2023-10-20

    Developer research: the paper states that all authors were at Anthropic, a developer of AI assistants (and of the model that assisted this edit). Published at ICLR 2024; arXiv version cited.

    sharma-2024-sycophancy · Last checked 2026-10-18 · claims and passages

  37. Sycophantic AI decreases prosocial intentions and promotes dependence

    Science · scholarship · published 2026-03-26 · Vol. 391, no. 6792

    Independent academic research. The abstract was read in the Crossref record; the publisher page was not reachable. An earlier preprint reports smaller samples; the published figures are used.

    cheng-2026-sycophantic-ai · Last checked 2026-10-18 · claims and passages

  38. Sycophancy in GPT-4o: What happened and what we’re doing about it

    OpenAI · report · published 2025-04-29

    A developer’s account of its own product incident; not independently verified.

    openai-2025-sycophancy-gpt4o · Last checked 2026-10-18 · claims and passages

  39. Generative AI enhances individual creativity but reduces the collective diversity of novel content

    Science Advances · scholarship · published 2024-07-12 · Vol. 10, no. 28

    Randomised online experiment with UK participants writing short stories with one model. Open access; read through Europe PMC (PMC11244532).

    doshi-hauser-2024-creativity-diversity · Last checked 2026-10-18 · claims and passages

  40. Generative AI at Work

    The Quarterly Journal of Economics · scholarship · published 2025-04-08 · Vol. 140, no. 2, pp. 889–942

    Field study of one firm’s customer-support operation. The published abstract was truncated where read; figures come from the open NBER working paper (w31161) and may differ slightly from the final version.

    brynjolfsson-2025-genai-at-work · Last checked 2026-10-18 · claims and passages

  41. Experimental evidence on the productivity effects of generative artificial intelligence

    Science · scholarship · published 2023-07-13 · Vol. 381, no. 6654

    Preregistered online experiment with US professionals on short writing tasks. Abstract read through Europe PMC; the publisher page is paywalled.

    noy-zhang-2023-productivity · Last checked 2026-10-18 · claims and passages

  42. Guidance on AI and children 3.0

    UNICEF Innocenti – Global Office of Research and Foresight · guidance · publication date not recorded · 3.0; published December 2025

    Supersedes the 2021 Policy guidance on AI for children (2.0). Ten requirements for child-centred AI; guidance, not law. Page numbers below are from the PDF as extracted.

    unicef-ai-children-3 · Last checked 2026-10-18 · claims and passages

  43. Guidance for generative AI in education and research

    UNESCO · guidance · published 2023-09-07

    The UNESCO repository page did not render; the passage was read in an open copy held by University College London.

    unesco-genai-education-2023 · Last checked 2026-10-18 · claims and passages

  44. Talk, Trust, and Trade-Offs: How and Why Teens Use AI Companions

    Common Sense Media · report · published 2025-07-16

    Advocacy organisation that recommends no one under 18 use AI companions. Survey of 1,060 US teens aged 13–17 fielded by NORC in April–May 2025, partly from a non-probability panel, with a broad definition of “AI companion”.

    csm-teens-ai-companions-2025 · Last checked 2026-10-18 · claims and passages

  45. How Teens Use and View AI

    Pew Research Center · report · published 2026-02-24

    Independent survey of 1,458 US teens aged 13–17 and their parents, September–October 2025. It did not ask about companionship as such.

    pew-teens-ai-2026 · Last checked 2026-10-18 · claims and passages

  46. AI Chatbot Use and Disclosure for Mental Health Among US Adolescents and Young Adults

    JAMA Pediatrics · scholarship · publication date not recorded · published 2026

    Only the RAND abstract page was read, not the journal article. Nationally representative survey of 1,009 people aged 12–21, November 2025.

    mcbain-2026-youth-chatbot-mental-health · Last checked 2026-10-18 · claims and passages

  47. FTC Launches Inquiry into AI Chatbots Acting as Companions

    US Federal Trade Commission · report · published 2025-09-11

    Announcement of Section 6(b) study orders to seven companies, issued by a 3–0 vote. These are information-gathering orders, not enforcement actions; no published result was found.

    ftc-6b-ai-companions-2025 · Last checked 2026-10-18 · claims and passages

  48. California SB 243 (2025), Companion chatbots

    California State Legislature · law · published 2025-10-13 · Chapter 677, Statutes of 2025

    Signed and filed on 13 October 2025. The official legislature site did not load, so the chaptered text was read on LegiScan. Its effective date (expected 1 January 2026 under California’s default rule) was not confirmed on an official page.

    ca-sb243-companion-chatbots · Last checked 2026-10-18 · claims and passages

  49. AI: the Garante fines the company that operates the chatbot “Replika”

    Garante per la protezione dei dati personali (Italy) · report · published 2025-05-19

    Regulator’s announcement of a €5 million GDPR fine decided on 10 April 2025, including findings on absent age verification. In Italian.

    garante-replika-2025 · Last checked 2026-10-18 · claims and passages

  50. eSafety report shows AI companions are putting children at risk

    eSafety Commissioner (Australia) · report · publication date not recorded

    Regulator media release from 2026; the page shows no date. It reports transparency notices to four companion services and a survey of Australians aged 10–17.

    esafety-ai-companions · Last checked 2026-10-18 · claims and passages

  51. Artificial Intelligence and Adolescent Well-being: An APA Health Advisory (press release)

    American Psychological Association · recommendation · published 2025-06-03

    Professional body; only the press release was read.

    apa-adolescent-ai-advisory-2025 · Last checked 2026-10-18 · claims and passages

  52. A Surveillance Mandate Disguised as Child Safety: Why the GUARD Act Won’t Keep Us Safe

    Electronic Frontier Foundation · report · published 2025-11-14

    Digital-rights advocacy opposing a US bill that would ban AI companions for minors and require age verification.

    eff-guard-act-2025 · Last checked 2026-10-18 · claims and passages

  53. IrokoBench: A New Benchmark for African Languages in the Age of Large Language Models

    arXiv · scholarship · published 2024-06-05

    Preprint version cited; a peer-reviewed venue was not verified. Some co-authors work at industry labs.

    irokobench-2024 · Last checked 2026-10-18 · claims and passages

  54. Exclusive: OpenAI Used Kenyan Workers on Less Than $2 Per Hour to Make ChatGPT Less Toxic

    TIME · report · published 2023-01-18

    Investigative journalism. The outsourcing firm disputed the pay figures; both ranges are recorded.

    time-kenya-data-labelling-2023 · Last checked 2026-10-18 · claims and passages

  55. Fairwork Cloudwork Ratings 2025

    Fairwork (Oxford Internet Institute and WZB Berlin Social Science Center) · report · publication date not recorded · Published 2025 (upload path dated May 2025)

    Research ratings of 16 online labour platforms against five fair-work principles; fieldwork February 2024 to January 2025. The final part of the report was not read.

    fairwork-cloudwork-2025 · Last checked 2026-10-18 · claims and passages

  56. The Data-Production Dispositif

    arXiv (published version in Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction, CSCW 2022; venue not verified on the page read) · scholarship · published 2022-05-24

    Qualitative study of data workers in Venezuela and Argentina.

    miceli-posada-2022-data-production · Last checked 2026-10-18 · claims and passages

  57. Data Workers’ Inquiry

    DAIR Institute, Weizenbaum Institute and TU Berlin · report · published 2024-07-08

    Labour voice: participatory research in which data workers investigate and publish on their own workplaces. Launch date from the Weizenbaum Institute announcement.

    data-workers-inquiry · Last checked 2026-10-18 · claims and passages

  58. Participatory Research for Low-resourced Machine Translation: A Case Study in African Languages

    Findings of EMNLP 2020 (ACL Anthology) · scholarship · publication date not recorded · Findings of EMNLP 2020, November 2020, pp. 2144–2160

    Community-based research network; 47 authors, many first-time contributors.

    nekoto-2020-masakhane · Last checked 2026-10-18 · claims and passages

  59. No Language Left Behind: Scaling Human-Centered Machine Translation

    arXiv (Meta AI) · scholarship · published 2022-07-11

    Industry research by a large model developer arguing for single multilingual models; a later journal version was not reachable.

    nllb-2022 · Last checked 2026-10-18 · claims and passages

  60. InkubaLM: A small language model for low-resource African languages

    arXiv (Lelapa AI) · scholarship · published 2024-08-30

    An African company’s description of its own model; performance claims are the developer’s.

    inkubalm-2024 · Last checked 2026-10-18 · claims and passages

  61. Latin America now has its first artificial intelligence model

    Marca Chile · report · published 2026-02-10

    Government-affiliated announcement of a regional model led by Chile’s national AI centre; not an independent evaluation.

    latam-gpt-2026 · Last checked 2026-10-18 · claims and passages

  62. The Flaws of Policies Requiring Human Oversight of Government Algorithms

    Computer Law & Security Review · scholarship · publication date not recorded · 2022; DOI 10.1016/j.clsr.2022.105681

    Peer-reviewed article; the open arXiv version was read because the publisher page was blocked.

    green-2022-human-oversight · Last checked 2026-10-18 · claims and passages

  63. Human Decisions and Machine Predictions

    The Quarterly Journal of Economics · scholarship · published 2018-02-01 · Vol. 133, no. 1, pp. 237–293

    A policy simulation on New York City pretrial data, not a deployed system. Figures from the NBER working paper (w23180) may differ slightly from the journal version.

    kleinberg-2018-human-decisions · Last checked 2026-10-18 · claims and passages

  64. AI Governance: A Research Agenda

    Centre for the Governance of AI, Future of Humanity Institute, University of Oxford · report · published 2018-08-27 · v1.0, 27 August 2018 (first draft July 2017)

    dafoe-2018-govai-agenda · Last checked 2026-10-19 · claims and passages

  65. AI & Antitrust: Reconciling Tensions Between Competition Law and Cooperative AI Development

    Yale Journal of Law & Technology · scholarship · publication date not recorded · Vol. 23, Spring 2021

    Footnote 3 attributes its definition to Ó hÉigeartaigh et al. (2020), whose published text defines AI governance differently. We treat this article as the source of the wording, which Sastry et al. (2024) and Maas (2023) reuse.

    hua-belfield-2021-ai-antitrust · Last checked 2026-10-19 · claims and passages

  66. Defining organizational AI governance

    AI and Ethics (Springer) · scholarship · publication date not recorded · AI and Ethics 2, 603–609 (2022); DOI 10.1007/s43681-022-00143-x

    Birkstedt et al. (Internet Research, 2023) refine this definition, dropping “technological tools” and adding requirements set by stakeholders.

    mantymaki-2022-organizational-ai-governance · Last checked 2026-10-19 · claims and passages

  67. Artificial Intelligence Governance For Businesses

    Information Systems Management (Taylor & Francis) · scholarship · publication date not recorded · 2022; DOI 10.1080/10580530.2022.2085825

    Read from the authors’ arXiv copy, which shows the journal DOI and a 2022 copyright notice.

    schneider-2022-ai-governance-business · Last checked 2026-10-19 · claims and passages

  68. Overcoming Barriers to Cross-cultural Cooperation in AI Ethics and Governance

    Philosophy & Technology (Springer) · scholarship · publication date not recorded · 2020; DOI 10.1007/s13347-020-00402-x

    oheigeartaigh-2020-cross-cultural · Last checked 2026-10-19 · claims and passages

  69. Concepts in Advanced AI Governance: A Literature Review of Key Terms and Definitions

    Institute for Law & AI · report · published 2023-10-29

    The review says it is not trying to settle a single correct definition; the passage below is offered as one way to frame the field.

    maas-2023-advanced-ai-governance-concepts · Last checked 2026-10-19 · claims and passages

  70. Governing rapid technological change: Policy Delphi on the future of European AI governance

    arXiv · scholarship · publication date not recorded · arXiv:2512.15196 (preprint)

    A preprint, not peer reviewed. The anticipatory-governance definition it uses is quoted from Guston (2014).

    ojanen-2025-policy-delphi · Last checked 2026-10-19 · claims and passages

  71. AI Governance in Practice Report 2024

    IAPP (International Association of Privacy Professionals) · report · published 2024-06-03

    A professional association report. This is not the IAPP glossary “Key terms for AI governance”, which could not be read.

    iapp-2024-ai-governance-in-practice · Last checked 2026-10-19 · claims and passages

  72. What is AI governance? (IBM Think explainer)

    IBM · guidance · published 2024-10-10

    A vendor explainer, included because it is widely read, not for its standing. IBM sells AI governance products.

    ibm-ai-governance-explainer · Last checked 2026-10-19 · claims and passages

  73. Global Trends in AI Governance: Evolving Country Approaches

    World Bank · report · publication date not recorded · 2024

    Read from the World Bank’s plain-text rendering of the report; page markers are approximate.

    world-bank-2024-global-trends-ai-governance · Last checked 2026-10-19 · claims and passages

  74. AI Guidelines for Business Ver1.1 (provisional English translation)

    Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications and Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry, Japan · guidance · published 2025-04-04 · Ver1.1, 4 April 2025

    A provisional translation; the Japanese original prevails. The same definition appears in Ver1.01 (December 2024). Non-binding guidance for businesses.

    japan-ai-guidelines-for-business · Last checked 2026-10-19 · claims and passages

  75. Kenya Artificial Intelligence Strategy 2025–2030

    Ministry of Information, Communications and the Digital Economy, Kenya · guidance · publication date not recorded · March 2025

    Read from a copy hosted by the Global Partnership for Sustainable Development Data; no government-hosted PDF could be found.

    kenya-ai-strategy-2025 · Last checked 2026-10-19 · claims and passages

  76. “AI for Africa” Blueprint

    Smart Africa Secretariat · guidance · publication date not recorded · 1st edition, 2021

    Read from a copy hosted by Germany’s development ministry (BMZ), a project partner. Its definition of digital governance is borrowed from Floridi (2018).

    smart-africa-ai-blueprint-2021 · Last checked 2026-10-19 · claims and passages

  77. ISO/IEC 38507:2022 Information technology — Governance of IT — Governance implications of the use of artificial intelligence by organizations

    ISO and IEC · standard · published 2022-04-08 · Edition 1

    The standard is paid; this record relies on the public abstract and a publisher preview of its opening clauses.

    iso-iec-38507 · Last checked 2026-10-19 · claims and passages

  78. A pro-innovation approach to AI regulation (CP 815)

    Department for Science, Innovation and Technology, United Kingdom · guidance · published 2023-03-29

    A policy white paper, not law. Later UK policy has moved on; it is included for its framing of governance.

    uk-pro-innovation-white-paper · Last checked 2026-10-19 · claims and passages

  79. Global AI Governance Initiative

    Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People’s Republic of China · guidance · published 2023-10-20

    A diplomatic initiative, not law. Classing China as Global South follows its UN grouping and is itself debated.

    china-global-ai-governance-initiative · Last checked 2026-10-19 · claims and passages

  80. ASEAN Guide on AI Governance and Ethics

    Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) · guidance · publication date not recorded · 2024

    Voluntary regional guidance aimed mainly at organisations.

    asean-guide-ai-governance-ethics · Last checked 2026-10-19 · claims and passages

  81. Framework Act on the Development of Artificial Intelligence and the Creation of a Foundation for Trust (English translation)

    National Assembly of the Republic of Korea (translation by the Korea Legislation Research Institute) · law · publication date not recorded · Act No. 20676 (21 January 2025), as amended by Act No. 21311 (20 January 2026)

    An unofficial English translation.

    korea-ai-framework-act · Last checked 2026-10-19 · claims and passages

  82. Declaración de Montevideo

    Second Ministerial and High Authorities Summit on the Ethics of AI in Latin America and the Caribbean · recommendation · published 2024-10-04

    A non-binding ministerial declaration, in Spanish; passage summaries are our translation.

    montevideo-declaration-2024 · Last checked 2026-10-19 · claims and passages

  83. Índice Latinoamericano de Inteligencia Artificial (ILIA) 2025: fichas de país y aspectos metodológicos

    ECLAC (CEPAL) and CENIA · report · publication date not recorded · LC/TS.2026/16

    In Spanish; passage summaries are our translation. Read from the index’s own site.

    cepal-ilia-2025 · Last checked 2026-10-19 · claims and passages

  84. Resolution ACHPR/Res. 473 (EXT.OS/XXXI) 2021 on human and peoples’ rights and artificial intelligence, robotics and other new and emerging technologies

    African Commission on Human and Peoples’ Rights · recommendation · published 2021-02-25

    Read from the AfricanLII copy. A resolution of a regional human-rights body, not binding law.

    achpr-resolution-473 · Last checked 2026-10-19 · claims and passages

  85. A Layered Model for AI Governance

    IEEE Internet Computing · scholarship · publication date not recorded · 21(6), 58–62, November 2017 (author manuscript)

    gasser-almeida-2017-layered-model · Last checked 2026-10-19 · claims and passages

  86. OECD Input to the UN High-Level Advisory Body on AI

    Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development · report · publication date not recorded · March 2024

    oecd-input-un-hlab-2024 · Last checked 2026-10-19 · claims and passages

  87. Ethically Aligned Design, First Edition

    IEEE Global Initiative on Ethics of Autonomous and Intelligent Systems · guidance · publication date not recorded · First Edition, April 2019

    The PDF shows no year; IEEE’s own timeline dates the First Edition to April 2019.

    ieee-ethically-aligned-design-1e · Last checked 2026-10-19 · claims and passages

  88. Model Artificial Intelligence Governance Framework, Second Edition

    Personal Data Protection Commission and Infocomm Media Development Authority, Singapore · framework · published 2020-01-21 · Second edition (first edition January 2019)

    Voluntary guidance for organisations. Classing high-income Singapore with the Global North is an editorial judgement.

    singapore-model-ai-governance-framework-2020 · Last checked 2026-10-19 · claims and passages

  89. Model AI Governance Framework for Agentic AI, Version 1.0

    Infocomm Media Development Authority, Singapore · framework · publication date not recorded · Version 1.0, January 2026

    The cover gives both 19 and 22 January 2026. IMDA announced an updated version in May 2026, which we did not read. Voluntary guidance.

    singapore-agentic-ai-framework-2026 · Last checked 2026-10-19 · claims and passages

  90. Resolution 79/325: Terms of reference and modalities for the Independent International Scientific Panel on Artificial Intelligence and the Global Dialogue on Artificial Intelligence Governance

    United Nations General Assembly · recommendation · published 2025-08-26 · A/RES/79/325, adopted 26 August 2025

    Read from the copy hosted by the Office of the President of the General Assembly. Covers the non-military domain only.

    unga-res-79-325 · Last checked 2026-10-19 · claims and passages

  91. SB24-205 Consumer Protections for Artificial Intelligence (enrolled act)

    Colorado General Assembly · law · published 2024-05-17

    Signed 17 May 2024 according to the LegiScan status page. The enrolled text gives an effective date of 1 February 2026; later amendments to that date were not checked.

    colorado-sb24-205 · Last checked 2026-10-19 · claims and passages