Research preview. Independent expert review is pending. The worked analyses are hypothetical. Method and corrections
AIAIGovSpec

Source register

What every claim stands on

Each source lists the claims that cite it and the passages that were read and checked. A claim whose cited sources have no checked passage is labelled pending review.

SourceTypeClaimsChecked passages
“AI for Africa” Blueprint

Smart Africa Secretariat

guidance01
2023 Landscape: Confronting Tech Power

AI Now Institute

report21
A Layered Model for AI Governance

IEEE Internet Computing

scholarship01
A pro-innovation approach to AI regulation (CP 815)

Department for Science, Innovation and Technology, United Kingdom

guidance01
A Surveillance Mandate Disguised as Child Safety: Why the GUARD Act Won’t Keep Us Safe

Electronic Frontier Foundation

report11
AI & Antitrust: Reconciling Tensions Between Competition Law and Cooperative AI Development

Yale Journal of Law & Technology

scholarship21
AI Act policy overview

European Commission

guidance1none yet
AI Chatbot Use and Disclosure for Mental Health Among US Adolescents and Young Adults

JAMA Pediatrics

scholarship11
AI Governance in Practice Report 2024

IAPP (International Association of Privacy Professionals)

report01
AI Governance: A Research Agenda

Centre for the Governance of AI, Future of Humanity Institute, University of Oxford

report32
AI Guidelines for Business Ver1.1 (provisional English translation)

Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications and Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry, Japan

guidance92
AI: the Garante fines the company that operates the chatbot “Replika”

Garante per la protezione dei dati personali (Italy)

report11
Algorithmic Impact Assessment tool

Government of Canada

guidance11
Artificial Intelligence and Adolescent Well-being: An APA Health Advisory (press release)

American Psychological Association

recommendation11
Artificial Intelligence Governance For Businesses

Information Systems Management (Taylor & Francis)

scholarship21
Artificial Intelligence Risk Management Framework (AI RMF 1.0)

National Institute of Standards and Technology

framework113
ASEAN Guide on AI Governance and Ethics

Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN)

guidance01
Assembling Accountability: Algorithmic Impact Assessment for the Public Interest

Data & Society Research Institute

scholarship11
Cabinet approves over Rs 10,300 crore for IndiaAI Mission

Press Information Bureau, Government of India

guidance11
California SB 243 (2025), Companion chatbots

California State Legislature

law11
Clio and the Economics of QWERTY

American Economic Review (American Economic Association)

scholarship1none yet
Coded Injustice: Surveillance and Discrimination in Denmark’s Automated Welfare State

Amnesty International

report11
Competing Technologies, Increasing Returns, and Lock-In by Historical Events

The Economic Journal (Royal Economic Society)

scholarship1none yet
Computing Power and the Governance of Artificial Intelligence

arXiv

scholarship32
Concepts in Advanced AI Governance: A Literature Review of Key Terms and Definitions

Institute for Law & AI

report01
Continental Artificial Intelligence Strategy

African Union

guidance43
Data Workers’ Inquiry

DAIR Institute, Weizenbaum Institute and TU Berlin

report01
Declaración de Montevideo

Second Ministerial and High Authorities Summit on the Ethics of AI in Latin America and the Caribbean

recommendation21
Defining organizational AI governance

AI and Ethics (Springer)

scholarship71
Developing a framework for responsible innovation

Research Policy (Elsevier)

scholarship1none yet
Directive (EU) 2024/2853 on liability for defective products

European Parliament and Council of the European Union

law11
Do Artifacts Have Politics?

Daedalus (American Academy of Arts and Sciences)

scholarship1none yet
Endoscopist deskilling risk after exposure to artificial intelligence in colonoscopy: a multicentre, observational study

The Lancet Gastroenterology & Hepatology

scholarship21
Energy and AI

International Energy Agency

report11
eSafety report shows AI companions are putting children at risk

eSafety Commissioner (Australia)

report11
Ethically Aligned Design, First Edition

IEEE Global Initiative on Ethics of Autonomous and Intelligent Systems

guidance01
Exclusive: OpenAI Used Kenyan Workers on Less Than $2 Per Hour to Make ChatGPT Less Toxic

TIME

report21
Experimental evidence on the productivity effects of generative artificial intelligence

Science

scholarship11
Fairwork Cloudwork Ratings 2025

Fairwork (Oxford Internet Institute and WZB Berlin Social Science Center)

report21
Framework Act on the Development of Artificial Intelligence and the Creation of a Foundation for Trust (English translation)

National Assembly of the Republic of Korea (translation by the Korea Legislation Research Institute)

law11
Framework Convention on Artificial Intelligence and Human Rights, Democracy and the Rule of Law (CETS No. 225)

Council of Europe

treaty52
FTC Launches Inquiry into AI Chatbots Acting as Companions

US Federal Trade Commission

report11
Generative AI and Jobs: A Refined Global Index of Occupational Exposure

International Labour Organization

report11
Generative AI at Work

The Quarterly Journal of Economics

scholarship11
Generative AI enhances individual creativity but reduces the collective diversity of novel content

Science Advances

scholarship11
Global AI Governance Initiative

Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People’s Republic of China

guidance01
Global Index on Responsible AI, 2026 Report

Global Center on AI Governance

report11
Global Trends in AI Governance: Evolving Country Approaches

World Bank

report21
Governing AI for Humanity: Final Report

United Nations High-level Advisory Body on Artificial Intelligence

report1510
Governing rapid technological change: Policy Delphi on the future of European AI governance

arXiv

scholarship12
Guidance for generative AI in education and research

UNESCO

guidance11
Guidance on AI and children 3.0

UNICEF Innocenti – Global Office of Research and Foresight

guidance22
How Teens Use and View AI

Pew Research Center

report11
Human Decisions and Machine Predictions

The Quarterly Journal of Economics

scholarship01
India AI Governance Guidelines: Enabling Safe and Trusted AI Innovation

Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology, Government of India

guidance12
Índice Latinoamericano de Inteligencia Artificial (ILIA) 2025: fichas de país y aspectos metodológicos

ECLAC (CEPAL) and CENIA

report21
InkubaLM: A small language model for low-resource African languages

arXiv (Lelapa AI)

scholarship01
IrokoBench: A New Benchmark for African Languages in the Age of Large Language Models

arXiv

scholarship11
ISO/IEC 38507:2022 Information technology — Governance of IT — Governance implications of the use of artificial intelligence by organizations

ISO and IEC

standard11
ISO/IEC 42001:2023 Information technology — Artificial intelligence — Management system

ISO and IEC (JTC 1/SC 42)

standard32
Kenya Artificial Intelligence Strategy 2025–2030

Ministry of Information, Communications and the Digital Economy, Kenya

guidance81
Latin America now has its first artificial intelligence model

Marca Chile

report01
M-25-22: Driving Efficient Acquisition of Artificial Intelligence in Government

US Office of Management and Budget

guidance21
Model AI Governance Framework for Agentic AI, Version 1.0

Infocomm Media Development Authority, Singapore

framework11
Model Artificial Intelligence Governance Framework, Second Edition

Personal Data Protection Commission and Infocomm Media Development Authority, Singapore

framework01
No Language Left Behind: Scaling Human-Centered Machine Translation

arXiv (Meta AI)

scholarship01
OECD AI Principles

Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development

recommendation93
OECD Input to the UN High-Level Advisory Body on AI

Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development

report01
Overcoming Barriers to Cross-cultural Cooperation in AI Ethics and Governance

Philosophy & Technology (Springer)

scholarship01
Participatory Research for Low-resourced Machine Translation: A Case Study in African Languages

Findings of EMNLP 2020 (ACL Anthology)

scholarship01
Política Nacional de Inteligencia Artificial (Actualización 2024)

Ministerio de Ciencia, Tecnología, Conocimiento e Innovación, Chile

guidance32
Projeto de Lei nº 2338/2023 (Brazil artificial intelligence bill)

Senado Federal do Brasil

law22
Recommendation on the Ethics of Artificial Intelligence

UNESCO

recommendation73
Regulating AI in the UK

Ada Lovelace Institute

report11
Regulation (EU) 2024/1689 — Artificial Intelligence Act

European Union

law94
Resolution 79/325: Terms of reference and modalities for the Independent International Scientific Panel on Artificial Intelligence and the Global Dialogue on Artificial Intelligence Governance

United Nations General Assembly

recommendation31
Resolution ACHPR/Res. 473 (EXT.OS/XXXI) 2021 on human and peoples’ rights and artificial intelligence, robotics and other new and emerging technologies

African Commission on Human and Peoples’ Rights

recommendation11
SB24-205 Consumer Protections for Artificial Intelligence (enrolled act)

Colorado General Assembly

law11
Sycophancy in GPT-4o: What happened and what we’re doing about it

OpenAI

report11
Sycophantic AI decreases prosocial intentions and promotes dependence

Science

scholarship21
Talk, Trust, and Trade-Offs: How and Why Teens Use AI Companions

Common Sense Media

report11
Technology and History: "Kranzberg's Laws"

Technology and Culture (Society for the History of Technology)

scholarship1none yet
The AI Bill Project

Trades Union Congress

recommendation11
The Data-Production Dispositif

arXiv (published version in Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction, CSCW 2022; venue not verified on the page read)

scholarship21
The Flaws of Policies Requiring Human Oversight of Government Algorithms

Computer Law & Security Review

scholarship01
The Impact of Generative AI on Critical Thinking: Self-Reported Reductions in Cognitive Effort and Confidence Effects From a Survey of Knowledge Workers

CHI 2025 (ACM)

scholarship11
The Social Control of Technology

Frances Pinter, London

book1none yet
Towards Understanding Sycophancy in Language Models

ICLR 2024

scholarship11
Understanding 'anticipatory governance'

Social Studies of Science (SAGE)

scholarship1none yet
What is AI governance? (IBM Think explainer)

IBM

guidance11
When combinations of humans and AI are useful: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Nature Human Behaviour

scholarship21