source-assertionConfidence: highContestability: low
The original EU AI Act includes a specific complaint route to a market surveillance authority in Article 85.
Our reading: A complaint, an explanation, correction and compensation are different outcomes. This historical-text example makes no determination about present applicability or an individual’s entitlement.
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Regulation (EU) 2024/1689 — Artificial Intelligence Act (opens in a new tab)Original 2024 text, Article 85 — Right to lodge a complaint with a market surveillance authority
Article 85 provides a route to a market surveillance authority for people or organizations with grounds to consider that the Regulation has been infringed. This is not a guarantee of compensation.
Scope note: Original 2024 enactment, not a consolidated current-law or applicability check. Records discuss its text, not whether a provision applies to a particular situation today.
Passage checked 2026-10-11 · eu-complaint
source-assertionConfidence: highContestability: low
The Council of Europe Framework Convention is presented as the first legally binding international treaty on AI; it requires parties to ensure documentation sufficient to challenge decisions and an effective possibility to lodge complaints.
Our reading: Based on the Council of Europe's own overview. Binding only for parties for which the treaty is in force; the obligations are framed as measures states must adopt, so what an individual can actually claim depends on national implementation.
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Framework Convention on Artificial Intelligence and Human Rights, Democracy and the Rule of Law (CETS No. 225) (opens in a new tab)Overview page — introduction; 'What does the Framework Convention require states to do?': fundamental principles; remedies, procedural rights and safeguards
The Council of Europe describes the Convention as the first international legally binding treaty in the field, opened for signature on 5 September 2024, covering activities within the lifecycle of AI systems. It lists principles including transparency and oversight and accountability and responsibility, and says parties must ensure documentation sufficient for affected people to challenge decisions and the use of a system, with an effective possibility to complain to competent authorities.
Scope note: The Council of Europe overview page was reviewed, not the treaty text itself. The Convention binds only parties for which it has entered into force, and is largely framed as obligations on states to adopt measures. Signature and ratification status changes; verify before relying on it. The treaty text itself (CETS 225) was opened on 19 October 2026 for the definitions comparison.
Passage checked 2026-09-06 · coe-principles-remedies
synthesisConfidence: highContestability: medium
UNESCO connects accountability to rights, oversight and access to remedy, not only to internal documentation.
Our reading: A normative recommendation supplies a standard to argue for; it does not establish that an effective remedy exists in every jurisdiction.
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source-assertionConfidence: highContestability: low
In its 2023 UK analysis, the Ada Lovelace Institute warns that people can face costly or unrealistic routes to redress even where legal safeguards exist.
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Regulating AI in the UK (opens in a new tab)Executive summary
Legal safeguards on paper do not guarantee redress: for many people harmed by AI, seeking it is too costly or impractical.
Scope note: Civil-society voice; written about UK policy at the time.
Passage checked 2026-10-09 · ada-redress-costly
source-assertionConfidence: highContestability: low
Brazil’s Senate-passed AI bill, still pending in the Chamber in October 2026, would give people affected by high-risk AI the right to contest decisions and obtain human review.
Our reading: A pending bill: the rights would exist only if the Chamber passes it in this form.
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Projeto de Lei nº 2338/2023 (Brazil artificial intelligence bill) (opens in a new tab)Senate-approved text, rights of persons affected by high-risk systems (as reported by Agência Senado)
People affected by high-risk AI systems would gain rights to contest decisions and to human review, and algorithmic impact assessments would examine known and foreseeable risks to fundamental rights.
Scope note: Pending bill, not law. Passed the Senate on 10 December 2024; awaiting a committee report in the Chamber of Deputies as of 9 October 2026. Earlier passages rely on the Senate’s official news agency; the definitions comparison cites Articles 1 and 4 of the text received by the Chamber of Deputies.
Passage checked 2026-10-09 · brazil-affected-rights